Human, Space, Time And Human

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Time and again, through the prism of intellect, humans have tried to diffract reality into various distinct, yet seamless, atomic, yet holistic, independent, yet interrelated disciplines and have attempted to study it contextually. Philosophers debate the paradoxes, or engage in meditations, dialogues and reflections on the content and nature of space and time. Physicists, too, have been trying to mold space and time to fit their notions concerning micro- and macro-worlds. Mathematicians focus on the abstract aspects of space, time and measurement. While cognitive scientists ponder over the perceptual and experiential facets of our consciousness of space and time, computer scientists theoretically and practically try to optimize the space-time complexities in storing and retrieving data/information. The list is never-ending. Linguists, logicians, artists, evolutionary biologists, geographers etc., all are trying to weave a web of understanding around the same duo. However, our endeavour into a world of such endless imagination is restrained by intellectual dilemmas such as: Can humans comprehend everything Are there any limits Can finite thought fathom infinity

The ability to perceive causality is a central human ability constructed from elemental spatial and temporal information present in the environment. Although the nature of causality has captivated philosophers and scientists since antiquity, the neural correlates of causality remain poorly understood. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to generate hypotheses for candidate brain regions related to component processes important for perceptual causality in the human brain: elemental space perception, elemental time perception, and decision-making (Experiment 1; n=16). We then used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to test neural hypotheses generated from the fMRI experiment (Experiment 2; n=16). In both experiments, participants judged causality in billiard-ball style launching events; a blue ball approaches and contacts a red ball. Spatial and temporal contributions to causal perception were assessed by parametrically varying the spatial linearity and the temporal delays of the movement of the balls. Experiment 1 demonstrated unique patterns of activation correlated with spatial, temporal, and decision-making components of causality perception. Using tDCS, we then tested hypotheses for the specific roles of the parietal and frontal cortices found in the fMRI experiment. Parietal stimulation only decreased participants' perception of causality based on spatial violations, while frontal stimulation made participants less likely to perceive causality based on violations of space and time. Converging results from fMRI and tDCS indicate that parietal cortices contribute to causal perception because of their specific role in processing spatial relations, while the frontal cortices contribute more generally, consistent with their role in decision-making.

Overall, our work provides clarity on the complex interplay between intestinal cell types throughout time and space, and has potential implications for disease and for the engineering of in vitro systems.

The interaction of space and time affects perception of extents: (1) the longer the exposure duration, the longer the line length is perceived and vice versa; (2) the shorter the line length is, the shorter the exposure duration is perceived. Previous studies have shown that space-time interactions in human vision are asymmetrical; spatial cognition has a larger effect on temporal cognition rather than vice versa (Merritt et al., 2010). What makes the interactions asymmetrical In this study, participants were asked to judge exposure duration of lines that differed in length or to judge the lengths of the lines with different exposure time; to judge the task-relevant stimulus extents that also varied in the task-irrelevant stimulus extents. Paired spatial and temporal tasks in which the ranges of task-relevant and -irrelevant stimulus values were common, were conducted. In our hypothesis, the imbalance in saliency of spatial and temporal information would cause asymmetrical space-time interaction. To assess the saliency, task difficulty was rated. If saliency of relevant stimuli is high, the difficulty of discrimination task would be low, and vice versa. The saliency of irrelevant stimuli in one task would be reflected in the difficulty of the other task, in the pair of tasks. If saliency of irrelevant stimuli is high, the difficulty of paired task would be low, and vice versa. The result supports our hypothesis; spatial cognition asymmetrically affected on temporal cognition when the difficulty of temporal task was significantly higher than that of spatial task.

Equitability is a principle of justice and fairness in human caring across healthcare systems. It revolves around the value-based concept of equity implying fairness in access to health care related to the situated context despite differences in methods, utilization, and outcomes (Cloninger et al., 2014). It can also mean fairness in access to services within an organization. An understanding of the interconnections among space, time, movement and consciousness as health manifestations (Pharris, 2015) leads to meaningful relationships within the HST and beyond. When there are meaningful relationships of persons (i.e., among patients, family, and healthcare team), the nurse is enabled to express equity in nursing care through prioritization, triage, and cost-effective measures in the processes of nursing engagement. In applying equitability, the nurse is cognizant of the difference between equality and equity.

Our dependence on a continuous supply of oxygen is the more limiting factor to the amount of time a human could survive in a full vacuum. Contrary to how the lungs are supposed to function at atmospheric pressure, oxygen diffuses out of the bloodstream when the lungs are exposed to a vacuum. This leads to a condition called hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation. Within 15 seconds, deoxygenated blood begins to be delivered to the brain, whereupon unconsciousness results [1]. Data from animal experiments and training accidents suggest that an individual could survive at least another minute in a vacuum while unconscious, but not much longer [3,4].

Speaking of our human identity, I have already mentionedthree hard facts: (1) we are born from a mother (see lecture onGreek tragedy), (2) we die (see lecture on the Otherworld), and(3) our language cannot communicate our uniqueness (see lectureon Language). Today we add a fourth unavoidable fact: we are creaturesliving in space and time. Our technologies change the ways inwhich we conceive of space and time, but cannot eliminate thefact that we live in space and time.

Without relinquishing durability and hugeness, contemporaryinstitutional architecture relies chiefly on symmetry to conveyits denial of time. As I said, simple geometric objects exhibitthe greatest symmetry, and this is why Philip Johnson, consideredthe founding father of American modern geometric architectureand the designer or inspirer of many of the tallest buildingsin our cities, went back to what he thought was Plato's definitionof beauty: \"Absolute beauty,\" he wrote, \"is foundin straight lines and circles, and plane or solid shapes, ratherthan in living figures.\" Never mind that this is a poor,simplistic reading of Plato; the main problem with this conceptionof \"absolute beauty\" is that it is boring, there isno surprise, nothing unexpected. Just look at our campus: allstraight lines, except for a few curves at the top, which, asfar as I can tell, are arcs of hyperbolas, and so completely symmetricthat a carillon tower had to be added off center for people tobe able to orient themselves. This concept of what constitutesbeauty in architecture is so widespread among U.S. practitionersthat architecture tends to be thought of as a branch of appliedmathematics, without any relation to human nature and human needs.Besides, the kind of mathematics these practitioners have in mindhas little to do with modern developments (as you can read inthe book by Ekeland): it is the kind the Pythagoreans and Platohad in mind.

In the Neolithic period, the ancient humans gradually migrated deep into Central Hebei Plains from the peripheral mountains. Along the rivers and lakes, they explored the depressions at the center and established scattered settlements on highlands. The primitive survival strategy is water-loving on the macroscale and water-hating on the microscale. Later, the settlements were expanded into a linear cluster along the C-shaped highland, approaching Baiyangdian in the south. The spatial spacing and development timing showcase the scale of the living space, resource control range, and evolution step length for primitive humans and precisely illustrate the form and shrinking trend of the water area of Baiyangdian.

During the Wars of Resistance and Liberation, the heritages in the study area mainly included martyrs cemeteries, cenotaphs, and war sites. They can be basically divided into two types: urban monuments marking the collective memory of a specific time and space, e.g., Rongcheng Martyrs Cemetery; historical event markers with clear spatiotemporal information, e.g., the site where Yanling Team ambushed Japanese army and Mijiawu Martyrs Cemetery. The latter type of heritages is located on the peripherals of main settlements back then and highly correlated with natural barriers (reed marshes) and artificial barriers (tunnels) (Figure 11(j)). The distribution shows how Chinese and Japanese armies were located and interacted in that period. At that time, Central Hebei Plains was occupied by the Japanese. The flat and bare terrain posed a severe challenge to the Chinese army. Interlaced by rivers and ditches and overshadowed by reed marshes, Baiyangdian provided the most reliable natural barrier for the Chinese army. The military and civilian therefore established a base area in the lake and launched guerrilla warfare against the Japanese. Mijiawu and other villages, which have fewer reed marshes around, resorted to the more extreme tunnel warfare. The tunnels in Mijiawu almost overlap with the tunnels on Song-Liao borders, a sign of direct inheritance of cultural behaviors. The above confrontation mode was formed through the innovative utilization and development of heterogenous environment against a homogenous background. The spatiotemporal attributes of Baiyangdian were transformed into the confrontational features of shielding and defense on the plains. 59ce067264

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